"Middle powers" refer to states that are not dominant global superpowers but possess significant regional influence and the capacity to shape international outcomes (e.g. through diplomacy, economic strength, or strategic positioning)

Indonesia adopts 'hilirisasi' policies, a resource nationalism strategy which mandates that minerals and agricultural products are processed or refined domestically before export to increase their value. These policies include sudden export bans, requirements for domestic processing of raw materials, and the enforcement of divestment for foreign companies.

Indonesia is one of the top exporters of nickel, bauxite and coal.

The femme fatale is a recurring media archetype depicting a woman who is seductive, mysterious, and morally ambiguous, using her sexuality, charm, or intelligence to manipulate others, often leading men to downfall. Examples include Amy Dunne from Gone Girl and Catherine Tramell from Basic Instinct.

Strict boundaries are a celebrity culture that emphasizes clear limits on personal access, where public figures maintain strong privacy and restrict interactions with fans to protect their well-being and autonomy. 

Fan accessibility is a celebrity culture that encourages openness and frequent interaction, where public figures actively engage with fans through social media, events, and personal sharing to build closeness and loyalty.

A self-destructive protagonist is a central character whose internal flaws or compulsions (e.g. addiction, guilt, obsession) drive them to make choices that harm their own well-being, relationships, or goals. Examples of self-destructive protagonists are BoJack Horseman, Walter White and Joker.

Lifestyle clauses are are terms within prenuptial agreements that dictate how partners should act during the marriage. These clauses can forbid a partner from cheating, gaining weight, determine who takes care of the children and who works, the raising of children in a particular religion, or the amount of time partners should spend together. If one partner violates the clause, it results in a financial penalty paid to the other partner in the event of a divorce.

Corporate residential landlords refers to corporations that own and maintain multiple apartments for the purpose of renting them out for residential use

A country can ‘index a wage’ by pegging workers’ wages to a specified index, typically inflation. For instance, if the overall cost of living increases by 3%, wages would be automatically adjusted by the same percentage.

In late 2025, Disney and OpenAI announced a three-year partnership for Disney to license its characters to Sora, enabling the creation of short, user-prompted videos to be streamed on Disney+. However, this deal has fallen through recently as OpenAI had discontinued Sora

Fantasy football betting is a form of wagering built around fantasy football, where participants create virtual teams made up of real-life players and earn points based on those players’ actual performances in matches. Instead of betting on a single game outcome, users place bets or compete based on how well their selected players perform statistically (e.g. goals, assists, yards, touchdowns), with payouts or winnings determined by overall team performance in a given round or league.

A dramatic new engine regulation has been introduced in the recent Formula 1 season. 

Previously, the power unit was powered by 80% ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) and 20% battery electrical power. In the latest engine regulation, the power unit has to be a 50:50 split between ICE and battery electrical power.

As the battery doesn’t get fully charged per lap and depletes quickly, it has led to a slower overall upper limit. However, it has introduced an element of strategy where drivers have to decide when to deploy and recharge the battery and when to rely on internal combustion. 

As a result, cars will overtake each other more frequently but will have a lower overall max speed limit compared to before.

A sting operation is a covert investigative technique in which law enforcement officers pose as participants in a crime or unethical activity to catch individuals in the act. It is designed to create opportunities for individuals who are already predisposed to commit an offence. 

Such operations are generally legal, provided they do not amount to entrapment. Entrapment occurs when authorities coerce or induce someone to commit a crime they would not otherwise have committed.

A technology exists to "change the hearts" of individuals. After a "change of heart", the individual feels immense guilt, and will immediately repent and learn from their mistakes and the crimes that they had committed. This debate assumes the feasibility of this technology.

"Red light districts" are zones where drug use, prostitution, and gambling legislation is heavily relaxed, or entirely legalized

"Rights of Nature" is a legal concept where ecosystems and natural entities (like rivers, forests, or animal species) are granted legal personhood, allowing them to possess rights similar to humans or corporations.

Countries like Ecuador and New Zealand have expressly recognised the rights of nature through constitution amendments and legislation by considering the inherent rights of the environment when assessing environmental impacts of projects, as opposed to only evaluating it based on damage to humans.

Elements of fraud include active concealment of facts, intentional deception, and relying on the fraudulent act/statement to have caused damage to another person

A No Look-Back Clause is a regulatory provision stating that once a specified "continuous coverage period" is reached, insurance and takaful operators (ITOs) can no longer reject a policyholder's claims on the grounds of pre-existing conditions or the previous nondisclosure of medical conditions

Logotherapy is a form of psychotherapy developed by Viktor Frankl that focuses on helping individuals find meaning and purpose in life, even in the face of suffering and hardship. One of its core techniques is dereflection, which involves shifting one’s focus away from personal problems and redirecting it toward finding meaningful goals or experiences beyond oneself.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on learning how to challenge negative thought patterns and behaviours within a person. In contrast with logotherapy, it involves shifting one's focus internally to identify, analyse and improve one's negative thought patterns.

China’s “315 Gala” is an annual consumer rights television program broadcast on March 15 by China Central Television. The show conducts undercover investigations and publicly exposes companies involved in unsafe or fraudulent practices (e.g., contaminated food, counterfeit products, data/privacy abuses). Firms named on the program often face immediate public backlash and swift regulatory action following the broadcast.

For the purposes of this debate, a teacher transfer market refers to a system where schools buy, sell, or loan teachers to strengthen their teaching staff, during designated periods known as transfer windows set by governing bodies. During this time, the schools negotiate transfer fees, contracts, and wages, while teachers may move permanently or temporarily (on loan) between schools. The market is influenced by factors such as performance, age, contract length, and school finances. For the purposes of this debate, the state's budget allocation for all schools are equal and coexists with the transfer market.